Early Issues

Prior to the establishment of the federal Mint in Philadelphia in 1792, coins in circulation in America were a wide mixture of types, including coins produced in Mexico, Holland, France, England, Germany, and other parts of the globe. Certain issues, such as Rosa Americana coins, were produced in England for circulation in the United States. Other coins used in everyday commerce were minted by various individuals and entities in America. The New England, Willow Tree, Oak Tree, and Pine Tree silver issues were struck beginning in 1652 when the colony of Massachusetts decided to mint its own coins.

During the 1785-1788 period, Vermont, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Jersey produced copper coins at mints within those states, either by contract or, in the case of Massachusetts, by a state-owned mint.

Fugio cents dated 1787 were produced by a contract awarded by the United States government and are considered by many to be the first official United States coins, although they were produced privately. Tokens and medals associated with President George Washington, and bearing dates from about 1783 through 1795, are listed in the Guide Book and are widely collected.

Early American coins were produced from hand-engraved dies, often utilizing crude minting equipment, and many varieties seen today exhibit a rustic crudeness, which makes collecting them a fascinating pursuit for specialists.

Mints and Mintmarks

Philadelphia Mint (1792 to date): In 1792 the government acquired a plot of land and several buildings in Philadelphia and set up the first federal facility for the production of coins. The Philadelphia Mint has been in operation continuously since then, although in different buildings, with moves to new and larger premises being made in 1830, 1901, and 1967. At present the Philadelphia Mint is located on Independence Square not far from Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell and is a modern facility employing hundreds of people who engage in all aspects of coinage production. A warm welcome is extended to visitors, who are able to see coins being made and to view many interesting exhibits.