1792 H10C (Special Strike)

The 1792 Half Disme

At a July 4, 1829, ceremony, the 1792 Half Disme (#11020) was among the mementos laid in the cornerstone of the second Philadelphia Mint, alongside an 1829 Capped Bust Half Dime (likely the Proof #4548, #84548), a copy of the Declaration of Independence, a copy of the Constitution, and Washington’s Farewell Address.

The Half Disme was a significant touchstone to the Mint's earliest days. Though struck under the authority of the United States Constitution, it was initially coined in the cellar of saw-maker John Harper. As President George Washington noted in his Fourth Annual Address to Congress in November 1792, the production was merely "a small beginning."

Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson received the 1,500 coins—presumably the entire mintage—on July 13 and recorded the disbursement of the coins along his route home to Charlottesville, Virginia.

Establishing an American National Coinage

The Coinage Act of 1792 established the United States Mint and regulated the coins of the United States, which were to be based on a decimal system preferred by Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. Though often on opposing sides of key issues, the two founding fathers were aligned in their belief that the fledgling country needed to produce its own national coinage.

Attempts to establish a national coinage had been ongoing since before the Americans secured victory against the British in the Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress under the Articles of Confederation authorized the establishment of a mint but did not fund it. Financier Robert Morris had pattern coins made as early as 1783, but these did not result in circulating coinage.

Realizing the structure of the confederated government was ill-equipped, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1787. The new Federal Government again took up the coin issue and contracted for the production of three hundred tons of Fugio Cents. This venture was plagued by issues, and it took four years for Congress to finally authorize the construction of a national mint, appropriate the funds, and hire the necessary workers.

What Is a Half Disme and Why Is It Significant?

On April 14, 1792, President George Washington appointed David Rittenhouse, a polymath and recent Treasurer of Pennsylvania, to the role of United States Mint Director. Rittenhouse immediately located an acceptable property at 7th and Arch Streets in Philadelphia and began construction of the Mint building on a lot previously occupied by an abandoned whiskey distillery. Construction began on July 31.

Even before the facility was ready, Rittenhouse was eager to begin operations. In a July 9 letter, Rittenhouse sought approval from Washington to coin half cents, cents, half dismes (pronounced “deems”), and dismes. At the time, the director had access to a press and the cellar of Philadelphia saw-maker John Harper’s Sixth and Cherry Street workshop.

The Mint’s first depositor was Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who paid a visit to Rittenhouse on July 11 and ordered that his deposit of $75 dollars in silver be coined. Having dies for a five-cent denomination called a “half disme” available, Henry Voight likely struck Jefferson’s 1,500 coins. The initial striking of the half dismes was challenging: many examples were struck off-center, causing the dies to fail early. Die cracks appeared after striking just a few hundred coins.

More Struck After Jefferson?

Numismatic researchers Pete Smith, Joel Orosz, and Leonard Augsburger propose in their book, 1792: Birth of a Nation's Coinage (2017), that a second order for the Half Disme was likely placed after Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson's initial coins were struck. This theory is supported by earlier accounts, including James Ross Snowden's A Description of Ancient and Modern Coins, in the Cabinet at the Mint of the United States (1860) and Dye's Coin Encyclopedia: A Complete Illustrated History of the Coins of the World (1883), which specifically gives the date October 9 for the subsequent order.

Smith, Orosz, and Augsburger note that the "second striking" coins are distinguishable from the Jefferson strikes due to “rough raised patches found on the reverse; either die rusting or spalling had occurred during three months of humid Philadelphia summer (102).”

First Commercial Transaction Involving a 1792 Half Disme

Notably in Birth of a Nation's Coinage is the first published accounting of a significant historical event: Jefferson picked up the coins on July 13, and later that day paid “servants” at a Chester, Pennsylvania inn 30 cents in the new coin.

This is considered the first commercial transaction of a U.S. coin struck under the authority of the United States Constitution.

With only these coins struck in 1792 and no follow-up mintage in 1793, America’s first half disme briefly faded from public attention.

Dispelling the Myth

The true origins of the half disme were unknown when Mint Director James Ross Snowden later wrote of the following “history” of the coin:

"The bust of Liberty is popularly supposed to represent the features of Martha Washington who is said to have sat for the artist while he was designing it… This piece is said to have been struck from the private plate of Washington, which is not unlikely..."

This myth was immortalized in painter John Ward Dunsmore’s Washington Inspecting the First Money Coined by the United States (1914), a counterfactual painting that is on display at the Philadelphia Mint.

From Half Disme to Half Dime

In 1794, half disme production commenced again at the Mint. The 1794 coin (#4250) had a Flowing Hair design on the obverse and a wreath and eagle on the reverse. Nowhere was the word "disme" inscribed on the 1794 coin or on the Draped Bust Disme (#4461) that entered production in 1796.

The Coinage Act of 1837 officially changed the name of the denominations to half dime and dime. For clarity, contemporary numismatic publications only refer to the 1792 half dismes and the pattern 1792 dismes as "dismes." The half dime served the United States as its five-cent coin until 1873. It was phased out by the five-cent nickel, which was first introduced in 1866.

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The incredible coin graded SP67 by PCGS is the only 1792 half disme to be called a "specimen" strike by PCGS. The first actual proof coins struck by the U.S. Mint were struck in 1820. For a small handful of coins struck before 1820 that are so exceptional they resemble proofs, PCGS uses the "SP" designation. And we refer to these coins as "specimens" or "special strikes." The SP67 1792 half disme has amazing surfaces and the strike is more full in terms of detail than on any other example of this issue I have seen.